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The data below are the 'raw' extracts from the documents and/or papers. Please refer to the last column for the reference and obtain the full text if required. Please also let me know if there are any mistakes here. |
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No
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Data
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1
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Russia
Pre-treatment of artesian water for drinking water supply at Lebyazh'e (Leningrad district). Water contains up to 30 mg/l of bivalent iron - removal. Water is chlorinated for iron oxidation. Precipitation and coagulation are carried out with calcium oxide. The resulting hydroxide precipitate is isolated on sandy filter, water --> to collector --> to customers. Sandy filter 75-110 mR/h, analysis of filter: Spent sandy charge (Bq/g): Ra-226: 4.3-7.9; Pb-210 - up to 0.12; Ra-228: 7.0-12.3; Th-228: 1.5-2.2 Hydroxide precipitate: Ra-226 14.3; Ra-228 22.2; Th-228 5.6. Artesian water Ra-226 2.0+0.2 Bq/l, Ra-228 3.2+0.3 Bq/l Water for customers, all Ra: 0.055 - 0.55 Bq/l Ra partially co-precipitated with hydroxides, partially accumulated in the tubes - up to 20 Bq/g |
G-04
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2
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UK,
waste water treatment [not necessarily NORM-associated, but interesting]
Water from dwellings, businesses & institutions such as universities & hospitals. Sewage treatment plants - combination of physical & biological methods to remove solids. Preliminary treatment - screening and use of detritors to remove grit & large floating solids Primary treatment - settling out of solid material by sedimentation Secondary treatment - removes unsettleable solids and dissolved organic matter by sedimentation. Two methods used - percolatory filters and activated sludge treatment. Then - effluents either discharged of go for tertiary treatment (depending on the water course) Slugde - may be incinerated, disposed to landfill or used as a fertiliser. Radionuclides found - used in tracer studies in medicine, industry & research, mainly reasonably energetic beta and gamma emitters with half-lives of a few days or weeks (P32, S35, Cr51, Rb83, Rb84, Sr89, Y90, Tc99m, In111, I123, I131,, Tl201), exceptions - H3, C14, Am241 Main disposers - hospitals with Tc99m >50% of all discharges Exposure modelled for typical (normal) situation (A) and for maximum possibly allowed amount of discharges (B) (in microSv/year): Beckton facility General workers, A - 11, B - 40; Slugde press workers, A - 42, B - 153; Public, A - 0.6, B - 30 Knostrop facility General workers, A - 25, B - 80; Sludge press workers, A - 79, B - 238*; Public, A - 20, B - 180* * - mainly due to C14 and subsequent ingestion of fish (not enough data to assess accurately) |
C-05
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3
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Germany,
river sediments
Radionuclides form both controlled and uncontrolled sources are released into rivers/streams, dispersed and transported by the flow, but gradually sink and attach to the bottom sediment. Compared to their concentrations in which radionuclides are present in the water, their conc-s in sediments (and thus their mass specific activities) are drastically enhanced. Sediments in German rivers: Co-60 up to 0.01 Bq/g, Cs-137 up to 0.1 Bq/g (this one - Chernobyl fallout), K-40 0.3-0.7 Bq/g, U-238 and Th-232 from ~0.02 to ~0.3 Bq/g |
T-04
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4
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USA,
water treatment plants
Sludges: Total Ra (Bq/g) 0.1-1.2; Resins: Total Ra (Bq/g) 0.3-1500 |
S-10
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5
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USA,
water treatment plants
Worker gamma dose from storage or disposal of water treatment sludge is around 5 mSv/yr |
S-06
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